Introduction to Business - 852 Words

Unit 1: The Business Environments AIU Online Abstract Comprehending the three legal businesses are prompted through the business type you desire to generate. Based on your goal you would want to select a type of business fitting you free enterprise and the amount of management judgments you will have to make. In the particular scenario provided, you would decide the best fit type of business; first you are going to explore your business opportunities. If the accurate selection was establish it would benefit every aspect of the business. Available net worth, management experience, and demand for you product are things to be considered. The Business Environment Mentally and financially going into a business through this time of†¦show more content†¦(All Business, 2011) Partnerships are required to have an agreement and associates of self-possessed individuals would be accountable for investments and judgments prepared for this project. Partnerships could stand to be extremely easy or incredibly demanding to determine also uphold liability for the thoughts rough product on mutually parts the partnership consist of. To have assistances with all activate dues and additional budgetary essentials required to put my product on the marketing shelf very rapidly, although, it will somewhat lower the money coming into your pocket a partnership is needed. Financially if my business did not succeed to my expectations there would be an abundance’s of indecision with a partnership that would not get the product out to the neighboring society. (Inc. 1999) When I am cultivating the dissemination of my product, corporations will countenance me to hand over particular parts of the challenging conclusions I would have to construct. Corporation will allow others to create hefty administration assessments and it would assist me personally to upsurge my acquaintance on management even though consuming an emerging business with diminutive management knowledge that is not required. With achievement proportions getting more and more progressive, with more accepted wisdom hitting the surface, and with the high populated areas,Show MoreRelatedIntroduction to Business4321 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER TWO BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Seeing, seeking and acting on opportunities is one of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs everywhere. It is also the basis for starting and maintaining successful ventures. It involves not only generating ideas and recognizing opportunities, but also screening and evaluating them to determine the most viable, attractive propositions to be pursued. WHAT IS A BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY A business opportunity may be defined simply as an attractive ideaRead More An Introduction to Business Essay4087 Words   |  17 PagesAn Introduction to Business Business plays a major role within our society. It is a creative and competitive activity that continuously contributes to the shaping of our society. By satisfying the needs and wants people cannot satisfy themselves, businesses improve the quality of life for people and create a higher standard of living. It is a way for individuals to provide goods and services to consumers, and at the same time, produce a profit for themselves. Businesses are not only importantRead MoreIntroduction to Business Studies2099 Words   |  8 Pages An Introduction to Business Studies Question 1 Arena flowers is one of the renowned UK based company delivering fresh flowers to the customers directly from the growers avoiding the middlemen. SWOT analysis is conducted below to see what are the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for the company (Graham, 2011). SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Human Resource Management: Company can hire employees at low cost Flexibility to hire and manage its human resource easily according to theRead MoreAn Introduction to Business Studies9335 Words   |  38 PagesB120 An Introduction to Business Studies PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Contact Information PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Session 1 WHAT IS A BUSINESS? PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com What is a Business? Business is such an integral part of our lives that we do not normally stop to think about it. It is hard to define for the very reason that there is so much of it around usRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay4094 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction to Business Business plays a major role within our society. It is a creative and competitive activity that continuously contributes to the shaping of our society. By satisfying the needs and wants people cannot satisfy themselves, businesses improve the quality of life for people and create a higher standard of living. It is a way for individuals to provide goods and services to consumers, and at the same time, produce a profit for themselves. Businesses are not only importantRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesReview Questions 1. What factors contribute to the rapid pace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Factors that contribute to the rapid pace of change in business are Natural Resources, Capital, Human Resources, and Entrepreneurship. It is said that it will likely accelerate over the next decade because of the economic stimulus package designed to not only create jobs, but also to build infrastructure. 2. What role doesRead MoreIntroduction to Business Skills3344 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction to Skills A successful manager possesses a lot of skills. The skills have opened a pathway for him to the way of success. Is it important for a manager to possess a certain skills? Is it important for a manager to learn those skills? The answer is yes. A manager needs those skills to ensure they can work with more effectively and efficiently. There are four main general skills that a manager needs to equip with. An effective manager must be proficient in these four main general skillsRead MoreAssignment Introduction to Business1344 Words   |  6 Pages1 | Characteristics of â€Å"Partnership† | Chapter 3 | Third Question | Chapter 3.1 | Characteristics of â€Å"Business Environment† | Chapter 3.2 | Characteristics of â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces† | ADIL ZHAXYLYKOV TP029709 UCFF1207(G2-T2) BM004-4-0 ITB 1. What would be the aims and objectives of the business Luke is planning to implement after graduation? The main aim of the Luke’s business idea is to provide lessons to people especially older people, on how to use the internet and e-mail. He wouldRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment one 1. What factors contribute to the rapid pace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Human resources, capital, natural resources, entrepreneurship, and technology all play a factor in to a rapid change of pace. They are likely to increase because all of these factors are growing rapidly. 2. What role does entrepreneurship play in the economy? Who stands to gain from the success of individual entrepreneurs? How do other partiesRead MoreIntroduction to Business Policy1145 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy - is a predetermined course of action which is established to provide a guide toward accepted business strategies and objectives. Policies identify the key activities and provide a general strategy to decision-makers on how to handle issues as they arise. This is accomplished by providing the reader with limits and a choice of alternatives that can be used to guide their decision making process as they attempt to overcome problems. Characteristics of a Policy 1. Are general in nature

Resources For Treatments And Prevention Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

â€Å" The physician of the hereafter will give no medical specialty, but will involvement his patients in the attention of the human frame, in diet, and in the cause and bar of disease † – Thomas Edison ( 1847-1931 ) The lifting costs of wellness attention coupled with the restrictions in the handiness of resources have created a division of involvement between the resources allocated for intervention and those allocated towards bar ( Corso et al. , 2002 ) . Almost two-thirds of the universe ‘s population is estimated to be seeking wellness attention from alternate beginnings and non the conventional biomedicine ( Pal 2002 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Resources For Treatments And Prevention Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been known from popular sentiment that people prefer bar and preventative health care over regular intervention and medical health care ( Corso et al. , 2002 ) . Edison ‘s quotation mark has all of a sudden gained acceptance and the anticipation has about come true. The sum of attempt and resources put into bar and natural diet plans are a informant to the statement. This has led to formation of an alternate model for medical wellbeing known as the complementary and alternate medical specialty ( CAM ) . CAM is going progressively popular with patients and physicians likewise ( Pal 2002 ) . This signifier of wellbeing accents on disease bar instead than intervention of complaints. The focal point of the procedure is to maximize the built-in mending ability of the organic structure, which can be accomplished by proper nutrition. The intervention of the ‘whole ‘ organic structure is emphasised as opposed to the intervention of a peculiar job in the organic structure ( Pal 2002 ) . Florence Nightingale ‘s apprehension of bar allowed her to take attention of legion people. All she propagated was a demand for clean air, pure H2O, proper drainage and cleanliness. Similarly, many practicians around the universe have taken to preventive health care and the authorities are earnestly pumping resources into the procedure. In France, 2.4 % of the entire GDP was allocated to preventive health care ( Sandier et al. , 2004 ) . Chadha et Al. ( 2007 ) have stated that even the companies in India are cognizant of the benefits of preventative health care and are progressively sing preventative steps as â€Å" an investing for human capital † . Mancini ( 2003 ) stated a survey from the Harvard Medical School pointed out an astonishing addition in the figure of CAM users in the state. The inefficaciousness of the primary medical attention has failed to fulfill the demands of the big population of the universe, which has led to big sections of the populace to seek for options to the traditional medical specialty signifier ( Mancini 2003 ) . The inefficaciousness can be attributed to the defects of the modern health care system in non being able to supply the attention that the people really need ( Rister 2003 ) . Rister ( 2003 ) stated that existent healing was more than laboratory trial consequences and halting hurting and was in fact more about reconstructing organic structure ‘s built-in powers of convalescence. Rister besides emphasized that complete recovery and Restoration could non take topographic point without a balanced diet, exercising and proper nutritionary support. â€Å" Scientific medical specialty prev ents catastrophes. But natural healing brings you body back to its original province of resiliency and verve † ( Rister 2003 ) . Rister ( 2003 ) has pressed upon the importance of bar in footings of maintaining path of information, such as low-sodium nutrient can take to natural recovery from bosom failure due to congestion. Exerting on a regular basis can bring around many complaints, while G-Jo can forestall and halt concerns ( Rister 2003 ) . Laurence ( 2002 ) has stressed on the importance of bar in instance of deathly diseases like HIV, where medical specialty is non available for intervention. Similarly, Battle and Brownell ( 1996 ) have suggested the limited impact the traditional medical specialty has on fleshiness, which has become a job of public wellness significance. The focal point, in such a state of affairs, should be on bar and public policy to deduce the needed consequences. Battle and Brownell ( 1996 ) besides emphasised on sharply prosecuting the research on bar. This idea is shared by Manuti et Al. ( 2010 ) , who believe that â€Å" there is overpowering demand to develop and implement eff ectual intercessions to better bringing of everyday clinical preventative services. † Policy alterations can take to a greater alteration that can change the present state of affairs of ingestion of unhealthy nutrients and brings about an attitude towards healthy nutrient and increased degrees of physical activity ( Battle and Brownell, 1996 ) . Manuti et Al. ( 2010 ) stated that bar could be utile in observing many diseases that could take to mortality. They emphasised that despite the fact that bar in inevitable in primary wellness attention, preventative services are normally sub-optimal. American Heart Association ( AHA 2010 ) has stated that basic preventative wellness attention services must be punctually included in the comprehensive wellness attention. AHA ( 2010 ) confirmed that morality due to bosom jobs and cardiovascular disease has decreased due to the alteration in the behavior and life style of people. About 80 % of the population in the universe can non hold entree to modern medical specialties. â€Å" Low-cost intercession such as lifestyle alterations, diet, supplement therapy and behavioral medical specialty can be delivered as replacement for high-cost drugs and technological intercession † ( Pal 2002 ) . All it requires is a alteration at the nucleus degree where the patients can gain the demand to alter themselves. Pal ( 2002 ) mentioned that since the late sixtiess, more alternate practicians were seeing patients than primary attention suppliers. This confirms the statement by Thomas Edison, which was made at a clip when there were non sufficient options for the interventions of complaints. Despite the admirations in the universe of medical scientific disciplines, Edison ‘s words still hold true. Bell ( 2008 ) stated, â€Å" a lovingness physician will order alimentary nutrients and possibly addendums if needed. A good physician will merely desire to see you one time a twelvemonth, and urge you stay out of infirmaries. It is wise to acquire one-year medical examinations, but Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s touch on the topic of prescriptions for merely about everything and how non to acquire caught in that trap. † The primary aim of intervention is self realisation of importance of acquiring better and the willingness to make so. If this is done early in life, and diet and exercising is regulated on a day-to-day footing, a individual can pull off to remain healthy for most of his/her life ( Bell 2008 ) . Although, at a younger age people tend to eat a batch and non set on weight, it catches up subsequently in life without any exercising or vigorous physical activity. With regular exercising, it may really be possible to eat and remain healthy. The sum of addictives in the consumables presents is really alarming and must be a complete antonym of the thought of a healthy diet. This is so really different from the fortunes Edison said, what he said, in. It is really of import to recognize the demand to alter and do an active attempt to do that alteration. People all over the universe have taken to recognizing this and prosecuting in natural bar and diet ordinance coupled with regular exerting to determine a positive and healthy life style. Decision The inability of mainstream medical specialty to get by with the jobs of the people all over the universe summed up with the fact that 80 % of the universe ‘s population can non afford the right medical specialty has led to an alternate signifier of medical specialty that has become popular. Peoples all over the universe are accommodating to these new signifiers of medical specialty that dwell on the premises of natural diet ordinance and exercising to rejuvenate the organic structure and mend the amendss that the organic structure has incurred. A good physician is considered to be the 1 that treats the patients good and makes certain that the patients stay fit and do n’t hold to pay regular visits. Research workers believe that caring physicians should order good balanced diets and exerting to patients for them to mend wholly. Therefore, Thomas Edison ‘s words â€Å" The physician of the hereafter will give no medical specialty, but will involvement his patients in the attention of the human frame, in diet, and in the cause and bar of disease † still have a great value but it is being realized that despite such a demand for preventative medical specialty and intervention without medical specialty, there is a batch of development needed in the field to accomplish the pinnacle of success in the field of health care and good being. Edison ‘s statement has been realized to a great extent but has non been implemented worldwide as such. The portion of the statement that trades with interesting the patients in bar of disease and a healthy life style has gained acceptance in the last few decennaries and the people have become more and more self witting. But, the first portion of the sentence, i.e. no medical specialties is yet to be overcome despite the legion signifiers of alternate interventions available for the patients. There has been no one successful signifier of intervention that could be a remedy for all the wellness jobs without necessitating chemical medical specialties. How to cite Resources For Treatments And Prevention Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Effects of Pulsed Low Frequency Magnetic Field Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Pulsed Low Frequency Magnetic Field Therapy on Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Answer: Bio Electro Magnetic Energy Regulation (BEMER) Device- Therapeutic intervention It is a revolutionary and novel technology that is currently applied as a therapeutic modality to achieve the desired outcomes of enhanced circulation, nutrient supply and waste disposal along with enhanced cardiac functions, endurance, strength, physical fitness and energy levels coupled with the advantages of having increased concentration, mental acuity, relaxation as well as stress reduction thereby improving the quality of life. BEMER has been used an adjuvant therapy in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain thereby acting as an effective physical vascular therapy causing reduction in pain and fatigue for the short term in patients with chronic low back pain while beneficial outcomes in the long term was procured in case of patients suffering from osteoarthritis of knee (2). Treatment Protocol: The primary outcome measures of pain intensity will be measured by means of Numerical Pain Rating Scale whereby the patients will be asked to make three pain ratings, corresponding to the current, best and worst pain experienced over the span of past 24 hours. The average of the three ratings will be used to measure the patients level of pain over the previous 24 hours. The treatment intervention following the BEMER application will be evaluated by this pain assessment tool in both the experimental as well as the control group in pre and post intervention conditions on a 10 point scale having segmentations that denote mild, moderate and severe pain progressively (3). Study Procedure and Protocol: The outcome variables will be assessed based on various standardized pain assessment tools that will be adapted holistically to account for best possible treatment option and the relative efficacy of the pulsed low frequency magnetic field therapy in treating the patients with chronic low back pain. The following tools will be employed in this regard. The Roland-Morris Low Back Pain and Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ): It is considered as a valid and reliable technique to evaluate self-rated physical disability caused due to low back pain. It is found to be most sensitive and suitable for patients suffering from mild to moderate disability because of low back pain ranging from acute, sub-acute or chronic in nature. Internal responsiveness in conjunction with external responsiveness will also be considered as part of the measurement. The difference in time may be measured on the basis of this internal responsiveness of the test. Contrarily, the external responsiveness account for stating the association between the results measured by virtue of RMDQ with that of Global perceived Effect (GPE) Scale results (4). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): PSQI accounts for a self-report questionnaire that assesses the quality of sleep over a time span of 1 month. It comprises of 19 individual items generating 7 components that culminates in the production of one global score. It takes little time for completion and is considered as a standardized sleep questionnaire for the researchers and clinicians alike to be utilized in various settings relevant to diverse populations for diagnosing sleep disorders. Sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality and daily disturbances are the three confounding factors that are taken into consideration whiling employing this test and finally interpreting the scores obtained. The validity and reliability of this tool has been tested to be implemented in actual research studies (5). Brief pain inventory scoring (BPI): BPI is responsible for quickly estimating the severity of pain and its influence on functioning. It is primarily considered as a symptom assessment tool for harbouring clinically significant data that may be documented to support the medical product claims such as that occurring in case of a treatment intervention modality through patient reported outcome variable measures. It is extensively used in the clinical trials to support for the claims made by the pharmaceutical or other medical agencies. In this case the fruitfulness of the BEMER application for persons suffering from chronic LBP will be assessed through this guiding tool (6). Global Perceived Effect of change (GPE): The GPE scale is widely used in case of patients afflicted by musculoskeletal disorders. It takes into consideration the vital factors related to bodily pain, mental health, physical role, social and physical functioning, health transition, emotional role and general health while calculating the quality of life through this tool and follows a question and answer format of assessment to analyze the psychometric property of the questions asked. A combination of multiple important outcomes thereby allowing patients to integrate factors that render the patients to give an overall response concerning all these governing factors (7). Owestry Disability Index: It is an index that in turn has been derived from Owestry low back pain questionnaire employed by clinicians and researchers to quantify the disability relevant to the low back pain. It consists of a self-completed questionnaire that has been validated early. It consists of ten topics that is related to the intensity of pain, ability to care for oneself, ability to sit, lifting capability, ability to walk, sexual functioning, social life, ability to stand, sleep quality supported by ability to travel. Each category of the relevant topic corroborates with 6 statements whereby each questions are measured on a scale of 0 to 5. The maximum disability score possible as per this tool is found to be 100 while the least is designated as 0 (8). Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH): It is a questionnaire that is considered as a self-administered region-specific outcome instrument developed as a measure relevant to self related upper extremity disability and symptoms. It comprises of a 30 item disability or symptom scale that is presented on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. The pre as well as post conditions following a medical intervention is generally applicable to such measurements where assessments are done based on the self reporting of treatment effectiveness after medical intervention. It is well capable of differentiating small and large changes of disability with the passage of time following therapeutic intervention for patients with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder (9). The same will be applicable in case of LBP patients where efficacy of BEMER intervention will be measured. Data Management and Analysis: Data Collection: In the conduct of the study adequate emphasis will be laid on maintaining the confidentiality and authenticity of the procured data. All the data that will be collected in due course from the prospective candidates will be stored electronically in the personal computer of the chief researcher and secured by password. Care will be taken to ensure that the data will not be accessible to any unauthorised persons or disclosed to anyone without proper prior permission from the competent authority. Data that will be in printed forms will be documented and kept safely under the custody of the chief researcher in coded files so that no disclosure of the personal details of the participants are disclosed under any circumstances. The researcher will be responsible for safeguarding these protected data while themselves being aware of the codes. Other necessary hard copies pertaining to the detailed information of the subjects will be filed and kept with the chief researcher. Data will be made a ccessible only to the researcher and the corresponding supervisor. Finally on the completion of the study, data will be published in a collective manner without disclosing the identity of the patients and carefully archived in the files maintained by the researcher. Data Analysis: ersion 20 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software that has been installed in the personal computer of the chief researcher will be used for analyzing the data obtained from pertinent sources. Paired t-test will be employed to compare the differences for each of the groups separately before and after intervention. Additionally, the independent t-test will be adopted to calculate and compare the differences concerning both groups at the same duration of time in pre and post intervention conditions. The presence of significant differences in the respective groups will be scrutinized by means of utilizing these statistical tools. The level of significance for the statistical operations will be set at p0.05 for the entire length of the study. Sociodemographic Data Data relevant to the participants age, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), educational level, and occupation besides disease histories will be obtained and presented as mean, median and standard deviation. All the data will be compared for the baseline data and homogeneity of both the control and experimental groups. Self reported outcome measures Paired t-test will be performed to carry out the compare and contrast the scores as reported by the subjects in both pre and post intervention condition with respect to the experimental group as well as the control group independently. Also, the independent t-test will be utilized for comparing the responses obtained from both the groups at the same time during initial as well as final assessments. References: Alayat MS, Atya AM, Ali MM, Shosha TM. Long-term effect of high-intensity laser therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized blinded placebo-controlled trial. Lasers in medical science. 2014 May 1;29(3):1065-73. Gyulai F, Rba K, Baranyai I, Berkes E, Bender T. BEMER therapy combined with physiotherapy in patients with musculoskeletal diseases: a randomised, controlled double blind follow-up pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015 May 20;2015. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005 Jun 1;30(11):1331-4. Roland M, Fairbank J. The RolandMorris disability questionnaire and the Oswestry disability questionnaire. Spine. 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3115-24. Cole JC, Motivala SJ, Buysse DJ, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Irwin MR. Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in older adults. Sleep-New York Then Westchester-. 2006 Jan 1;29(1):112. Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. The Clinical journal of pain. 2004 Sep 1;20(5):309-18. Kamper SJ, Ostelo RW, Knol DL, Maher CG, de Vet HC, Hancock MJ. Global Perceived Effect scales provided reliable assessments of health transition in people with musculoskeletal disorders, but ratings are strongly influenced by current status. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2010 Jul 31;63(7):760-6. Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The Oswestry disability index. Spine. 2000 Nov 15;25(22):2940-53. Gummesson C, Ward MM, Atroshi I. The shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (Quick DASH): validity and reliability based on responses within the full-length DASH. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2006 May 18;7(1):44.

The ability to distinguish and memorise the items

Abstract The experiment seeks to measure the ability to distinguish and memorise the items one saw. There were sixty-seven participants all of them third year students who take the course Advance Topics in Cognition laboratory. Age and sex were not considered as variables and as such were ignored in the analysis of the results.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability to distinguish and memorise the items specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experiment was to use simple objects that might confuse the participants and be tricky to remember (high in conceptual distinctiveness) and some that would be easier to remember (or low in conceptual distinctiveness). Participants would be presented with items and then they would be asked if they have seen the item before in the experiment (old item) or haven’t (new item). Introduction Human memory accesses or scans items in memory in a short-term old-new r ecognition memory task as proposed by Sternberg in the Sternberg paradigm. Different people scan their memory in different ways with different results with others being better than others in the scanning process (Sternberg, 1966). The participants were presented with list of items and they were to identify if the item presented was from a previously presented list or if it was a new item. This was to give a result and enable a probe on the habits of the human brain in analysis and scanning of items and memory of the same. The standard result having been declared by Stenberg, suggested that the mind scans all items in the mind to figure out whether the new item belongs to an old list of to a new list, hence, the more the items the more the response time needed to figure out. This is whether the target list is new or not. This leads to exhaustion of the brain a factor which further reduces the time needed to respond to the item. Limited capacity parallel access theory and familiarity- based decision making theory have similar results with Sternberg’s RT. The exhaustive search shows consistent results with the mean RT too. Limited capacity parallel access theory however differs in that it assumes that the items are accessed simultaneously but the memory comparison rate decreases as the set size increases. The simultaneous access causes the brain to reduce the effective time taken to compare the item with the items on the other lists.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the familiarity-based decision making theory the participants compare the target item to a global composite of all the items in memory; if the familiarity or similarity of the target to this composite memory reaches some threshold then the participants will identify whether the item belongs to the old list or it belongs to the new list (Nosofsky, 2011). Should we obtain standard results in the experiment as of the above theories, it will indicate that the basic underlying architecture of memory access does not vary between the different item types (James, 2001). If the slope sizes are different then this means that accessing the different items has different â€Å"costs†, either in terms of the time necessary to scan each item (i.e., a serial exhaustive model account), the capacity limitation placed on the rate of processing (i.e., a parallel model account) or the rate at which memory for individual items decreases with an item’s lag or its position on the list (i.e., a familiarity-based account). Method Participants The total number of participants was 67, that is, all the 3rd year students enrolled in the Advanced Topics in Cognition Laboratory classes. Apparatus Participants were tested in groups on lab computers running a MATLAB-based experiment designed using the Psychophysics toolbox (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1991). Stimuli Objects used included items which were low in conceptual distinctiveness [earrings, fish hooks, salt pepper shakers, child sip cups, computer keys, jack-o-lanterns, keyboards, microwaves) or high in conceptual distinctiveness [car fronts, juices, mp3 players, road signs, bill money, cigarette packs, coins, muffins] or ProcedureAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability to distinguish and memorise the items specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experiment started by displaying to the participants the various items of study. They were given 500ms to view the items and scan them in their memory. After that, they would be asked to present the items they had scanned (saw during the first procedure), for this they were given 1000ms with 200ms break after each presentation. The memory set was varying in a range of 1 to 5. After the final study item was presented to the participant, an asterisk was placed fo r 1000ms to signal that the next digit presented was the test probe . The item then had to remain on the screen until the participant made a response. This however was marked by as asterisk to indicate that more time was needed by the participant to identify the item. One was required to identify the item being presented to them if they had seen it before they would press the left button but if they think it was a new item then they would press the right button. Results There were 67 participants but only 53 tests were regarded for analysis. This is because 12 of the data files were lost due to the computer error and 2 of the participants results were cancelled after they were found to be less than the average accuracy of all participants 3 x the standard deviation minus. The major analysis was to focus on size 2 to 5 and as such we had trials which were had RT that were less that 200msec or greater than 3 x the std + the average of each of the investigated conditions. 1.24% of the trials were removed using this method. Within each set size, we then compute the median RT for each set size x condition (high v/s low conceptual distinctiveness) x probe (present v/s absent) condition. Set size 1 was excluded from further analysis due to a lack of meaningful RT differences between the probe present and probe absent trials. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The High CD condition replicates the standard observed lag functions (e.g., Monsell, 1978) The Low CD condition does the same but there is a slight increase in RT for long lists at lags 2 and 3. Note that because the probe’s lag position was not controlled but was just randomly allocated from trial to trial, there are markedly fewer trials at this point (N ~= 85) than at other points (e.g., lag 1, set size 1, N ~= 400). Consequently, the observed lag effect is not significant. Presentation The questions in the questioner were open ended and difficult terms were defined to enhance the understanding of the questions. Simple and easy to conceptualize language was used in designing the questions. This was in a bid to enhance a clear understanding on the side of the respondent regardless of their literacy level. Data obtained from the report was presented in form of tables and graphs. This was done to enhance ease in understanding as well as conceptualization of the results obtain ed. Tables and graphs aided in the summarization of information since they presented them in the simplest form possible (Little, 2011). The briefing of results widened the scope of individuals able to access as well as understands the results. The complexity and tediousness that come with reading large volumes of text is thus reduced. A lot of information can hence be obtained by only a glance at the tables and graphs. Discussion If the experiment gets results that are not concordant with the Stenberg result then this would provide a strong evidence against the above three mentioned theories. The standard Sternberg result is unable to adjudicate between these theories. The slope of the set size function can still provide insight into how different types of stimuli are accessed or into how different clinical populations access items in memory (e.g., people with mental retardation have steeper set size slopes than people without mental retardation, Harris Fleer, 1974). This lab exper iment will focus on the former by comparing lists of items which are conceptually similar and lists of items which are conceptually distinct. In the present experiment, we compare old-new recognition performance for conceptually similar and conceptually distinctive items by using the Sternberg paradigm and varying a) the set size presented on each trial, b) whether the probe is present or absent on each trial and c) the category of items presented on each trial (i.e., either conceptually distinctive or conceptually similar items will be presented on each trial). We are specifically interested in whether a) both types of items result in the standard Sternberg result and b) whether the slope of the set size function is equivalent between both types of items. References Baym, V. (2008). Accurate forced-choice recognition without awareness of memory retrieval. Learning and memory , 454-459. Beins, B. (2004). Research Methods: a tool for life. Michigan: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Brandon, K. (2011). Electron Nursing Documentation as a Strategy to Improve Quality Care. Journal of Nursing scholarship , 154-162. Bruke, J. (2009). Report writing. New York: Cengage. Course, O. U. (2008). Thinking Critically. New York: Open University Worldwide. Covey, S. R. (2003). 7 Habits of Highly Influential People. New York: Hay House Incorporated. Daniel, P. (1991). Videotoolbox Software for visual psychophysics. Transforming numbers into movies , 437-442. Government, A. (2000, June 3). Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 . Retrieved from Comlaw: https://www.legislation.gov.au/ James, W. (2001). Psychology: The briefer Course. New York: Courier Dover Publications. James, W. (2007). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Cosimo. Johnson, T. (1971). A note on the identifiability of parallel and serial precessess. Perception Psychophysics , 161-163. Little, N. (2012). Activation in the nueral network responsible for categorization and reflection parameter. Procee dings of the national Assembly , 333-338. Little, N. (2011). Short-Term memory Scanning Viewed as Exemplar-Based Categorization. Psychological Review , 280-315. Myers, D. G. (2009). Psychology In Modules. New York: Worth Publishers. Nairnei, J. S. (2010). Psychology. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Nevid, J. S. (2007). Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Chicago: Cengage. Patrick Mcneill, S. C. (2009). Research Methods: Third Edition. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Phil, R. (2010). Experiment in Psychology. Chicago: Prentice Hall. Ruth, R. (1978). A theory of Memory Retrieval. Psychological Review , 50-108. Susan, S. (1966, August). High-speed scanning in human memory. Science , 652-654. Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Chicago: Cengage Learning. White, L. (2008). Foundations of Nursing. Chicago: Cengage Learning. William m., J. P. (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base. Chicago: Cengage. This research paper on The ability to distinguish and memorise the items was written and submitted by user Weston Greene to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

M The Movie essays

M The Movie essays Always there is this terrible voice force inside of me driving me on. Im always afraid of myself, of people, of ghost, always I must walk streets alone, and always I am followed soundlessly. Yet I hear it. Its me pursuing myself. I want to run to escape from myself but I cant. I cant escape I must obey. Forced to run endless streets, pursued by ghost, ghost of mothers and of those of children. They are always there, always. Except when I. Then I cant remember anything. And afterwards I see those posters, I think, did I do that? But I dont remember it! But who will believe me? Who knows what its like to be me? How im forced to act. How I must, must, dont want to. But must! And then a voice screams. I cant bear to hear it. I cant go on. I cant go on. I cant go on. In the movie M we see a murderer torment a city by killing there children. On the outside this person is just like anyone else. He goes about his business and goes through his day just like anyone else. But then these certain things happen that bring out this different person. This person has no control over himself and what he does. He does not think along the lines of a normal rational person. He is totally taken over by this mental illness and acts in such a way that he does not want to but yes feels as if he is forces to. He cant bear to hear it or do what he does yet he has no control over it always feeling as if he is being pursued by this deeper darker thing inside of him. Then afterwards when he sees the terrible things he has done he cant even believe that it was him. It is obvious that he has an uncontrollable mental illness and that certain things bring out these uncontrollable murderous actions and are able to be seen which are the casting of dark shadows, when he whistles his certain tune, the way he plays with is knife, seeing c...

Cut Flower Preservative Recipes

Cut Flower Preservative Recipes You know if you put fresh cut flowers in water it will help keep them from wilting. If you have a packet of cut flower preservative from a florist or the store, it will help the flowers to stay fresh much longer. You can make cut flower preservative yourself, however. There are several good recipes, made using common household ingredients. Keys to Keeping Cut Flowers Fresh Give them water.Give them food.Protect them from decay or infection.Keep them cool and out of direct sunlight. The floral preservative provides flowers with water and food and contains a disinfectant to prevent bacteria from growing. Making sure your vase is clean will also help. Try to minimize air circulation, since it speeds evaporation and can dehydrate your flowers. Preparing the Flowers Start by discarding any decaying leaves or flowers. Trim the bottom ends of your flowers with a clean, sharp blade before arranging them in the vase containing the floral preservative. Cut the stems at an angle to increase the surface area for water and to prevent the ends from resting flat on the bottom of the container. The Water In all cases, mix the floral preservative using warm water (100-110 F or 38-40 C) because it will move into the stems more effectively than cold water. Clean tap water will work, but if it is very high in salts or fluorides, consider using distilled water instead. Chlorine in tap water  is fine since it acts as a natural disinfectant. Recipe 1 2 cups lemon-lime carbonated beverage (e.g., Sprite or 7-Up)1/2 teaspoon household chlorine bleach2 cups warm water Recipe 2 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice1 tablespoon sugar1/2 teaspoon household chlorine bleach1 quart warm water Recipe 3 2 tablespoons white vinegar2 tablespoons sugar1/2 teaspoon household chlorine bleach1 quart warm water More Tips Trim away any foliage which would be below the water line. The wet leaves encourage microbial growth that can rot your flowers.Remove any unnecessary leaves because they will accelerate dehydration of the flowers.Flowers with milky latexs of these flowers include poinsettia, heliotrope, hollyhock, euphorbia, and poppy. The sap is meant to prevent water loss by the stem, but in a cut flower, it keeps the plant from absorbing water. You can prevent this problem by dipping the bottom tips (~1/2 inch) of the stems in boiling water for about 30 seconds or by flashing the tips of the stems with a lighter or other flame.

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food Essay

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food - Essay Example Over the years the market for frozen food has grown tremendously. Market research has revealed that many of the consumers use frozen food because they find the â€Å"Ready-to-Eat† deli lines a very convenient option because with the passage of time life is becoming very fast paced and going through the hassle of cooking food appears to be a waste of time when convenient food solutions are present for the consumers. But the important question here is how far consumers are willing to go for convenience? Would they disregard the fact that frozen food carries with it the potential of harmful bacteria and diseases which can result in serious illnesses? There has been a lot of debate over the health implications of frozen foods, many believe it to be a myth but some researchers have proven that if frozen food is not cooked at the optimum temperature then it can adversely affect the health of the consumers. According to experts frozen food is safe if it is made sure that it is stored below zero degrees centigrade at all times. Freezing food slows down the activity of the microorganisms present in the food but does not inhibit it altogether. Therefore, when the food is left to thaw the rate of activity of the microorganisms is much more than that of fresh food. Consequently, if frozen food is not cooked immediately it can be very harmful for the human body. Moreover, the enzymatic activity causes chemical reactions in food which are not halted by freezing. This enzymatic activity can cause health problems when frozen vegetables are eaten and are not particularly dangerous in terms of meat and fish. To ensure that frozen vegetables are safe to eat they first need to either be blanched or partially cooked for some time before frozen (United states Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service , 2-3). Our argument here is why go through so much hassle and stress regarding health when one can avoid it by using fresh food? When using fresh food one can be sure of the fact that all the ingredients used have been hand-picked by the consumer and that he has himself cooked them therefore the element of a lack of hygiene does not hold true while using fresh food. Listeria is the name of a pathogen which is not very commonly known to the masses. This pathogen causes severe food-poisoning and surprisingly patients infected by the Listeria pathogen are hospitalized the most compared to other food-poisoning pathogens such as the E.Coli bacteria, which the masses are more aware of but is milder when compared to Listeria. The major difference between Listeria other food-borne pathogens is that Listeria can throve in an atmosphere of low oxygen and low temperatures. Consequently, in frozen ready-to-eat meals the Listeria content is very high. The listeria content is particularly high in frozen food containing meat or poultry, therefore when people consume such a diet they are vulnerable to being exposed to a harmful pathogen such as Listeria which can affect the well-being of the individual by initially starting off as a mere flu and moving on to even a nervous system infection. People with low immunity need to be particularly careful when consuming products that are otherwise considered not very safe to eat such as frozen ready-to-eat meals. Moreover, people suffering from diseases such as AIDS,

National network, local stations- who better serves the listeners Essay

National network, local stations- who better serves the listeners - Essay Example This paper analysis this article highlighting the main points by the author, why the topic is significant and raises several discussion questions for further analysis of this article. The issues raised in article is the failure of advertisements to take into account of the black market segment which as the research has shown have serious implications on success of an organization. There has also been raised the issue of the nature of advertisement. Originally, advertisements were racist as they mainly focused on the white market segment. By doing this, the advertisers locked away a potential market. Considering that the black community is the second largest race in America, failing to incorporate them in a company’s marketing strategy makes the company lose a considerable potential market. The African American would definitely be repulsed by racist advertisement and look for products that are free of this segregation or those which that they can identify with. This topic is significant because today we are living in a highly competitive business climate. Company is looking for areas where they can get a competitive advantage over their rivals. One way of d oing this is increasing their market scope. The black market provides a potential untapped market which when tapped can help a company have considerable growth. The article shows how the local radios had been used by company focusing their products on the black community and they have been successful. The success of a company depended on its ability to expand into new markets and maintaining the existing ones. Getting insight into how other companies has successfully penetrated the ignored black market can help a company expand and grow. Is there a need to adopt the products for this market in terms of differentiation and prices? This is considering the fact that in the contemporary world, people of the black race are not only found in the lower end of earning but they cut across all levels of

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Example for Free

Remind yourself of the opening passage Essay Of course, Marlow is the only one we really need be concerned with, as it is he who goes on to co-narrate the rest of the book. The Director of Companies doubles as the captain and the host. This shows how they generally look upon him with affection, trust and respect. The Lawyer is older than the rest and possesses many virtues. The Accountant is toying with dominoes, trying to start a game. This possibly shows his views are childish and not generally considered with a lot of respect by his associates, or by Conrad himself. All of them already have the bond of the sea. and they are tolerant of one another. However, there is then Marlow. He has a rather withered appearance He had sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion He is a man who doesnt really characterize his class: although he is a seaman, he is also a wanderer, which is rather strange, since most seamen live inactive lives aboard the ship. These ideas can be read into by just taking into account the first description of Marlow. The sallow skin and sunken cheeks dont give the impression that he is healthy or happy. He is certainly different from everyone else on the boat. It doesnt seem coincidental that hes the only person on the s boat who is named too. He is distinct from them because he has no category that fits him. This could be part of Conrad giving the reader an idea of Marlows unreliability throughout his whole narration. It is certainly explored as the book continues. This is Conrads way of arranging the overall structure of the novel. People do realise that it is going to be a remembrance of a story, and this story accounts for Marlows presently shaky, impenetrable state. Yet, it is out of the ordinary that he does also say that Marlow resembled an idol. The fact he put this in may suggest that he is being looked up to, and the fact he survived Africa and back is impressive. After the crews descriptions, the whole passage focuses on again describing the setting, and then bringing historic recollection of the surroundings. Conrad mentions Sir Francis Drake to Sir John Franklin, two of the famous explorers that travelled down the same river. During this same passage he then talks about feelings of the British people the germs of empires, who manipulated other human beings and resources. This goes a long way to revealing Conrads view on the slavery and demolition. Despite all the mention of it in Heart of Darkness, it is noticeable how Conrad assumes peoples knowledge of colonialism. The resentment of Marlows recollection makes obvious Conrads own strong bias against colonialism, which he does wants to pass on to the reader. Overall, the introduction serves as a good beginning to the book. In the passage, Conrad manages to introduce most of his main themes. There is darkness, which is very large topic, and how it can serve/be viewed in different contexts. We are made aware of Marlow himself and his unreliability/madness (caused due to the voyage ). Also, there is already a brief introduction into his views on colonialism/imperialism too. Due to this, you get an impression of his views early on, and as a result almost get ready to view the rest of the book in the way he may of intended you to. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Comparing Imperial Presidency by Arthur Schlesinger and Presidental Power by Richard Neustadt :: Arthur Schlesinger Imperial Presidency

Comparing Imperial Presidency by Arthur Schlesinger and Presidental Power by Richard Neustadt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his book, The Imperial Presidency, Arthur Schlesinger recounts the rise of the presidency as it grew into the imperial, powerful position that it is today. His writing reflects a belief that the presidency is becoming too powerful and that very few people are making a real effort to stop it. He analyzes the back and forth struggle for power between Congress and the Presidency. Schlesinger breaks up the first half of the book chronologically. He begins by discussing the areas concerning the presidency where the founding fathers agreed and also the areas where they disagreed. He then goes on to analyze the rise of the imperial presidency through war and recovery, with emphasis on the events of the twentieth century. After the war in Vietnam, Schlesinger divides the book based on the specific nature of the events that had an impact on presidential power. He divides it based on domestic policy, foreign policy, and the affairs that go on in secrecy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schlesinger provides an incredible amount of evidence to recount the ups and downs of the imperial presidency. He provides a base for his argument with an in-depth view of what the framers intended and how they set the stage for development over the next two centuries. An issue that Schlesinger focuses on is the presidents ability to make war. The decisions of the founders in this area would have a huge impact on the power contained in the office of the president. The consensus amongst the framers was that the president, as Commander in Chief, had the ability to defend the United States and its interests, but the ability to declare war was vested in the Congress. This decision set the stage for the struggles between the president and congress. He also discussed the debate over the power institutionalized in the presidency. At the time, there were two schools of thought on the subject. Hamilton supported an active president, while Jefferson argued in favor of a passive president. The final draft included a compromise of the two theories. There was also some debate over the power of the president versus the power of congress. Additionally, there was a compromise made over this issue when writing the final draft. The spirit of compromise amongst the founders was what provided a viable and secure base for the future of the presidency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After his discussion of the founders, Schlesinger shifts to the president's powers of war. He analyzes every war, excluding the Revolution, that the United States has participated in up to and including the war in Vietnam.

Sony and Marketing

The primary concern or objective of marketing is to identify and satisfy, or exceed the changing needs of customers. In view of this broad concern of marketing, it can be seen that the concept of marketing encapsulates many activities in a business. Marketing, in fact, refers to any activity undertaken by a firm that has been designed to plan, price, promote and distribute ideas, goods and services to target markets. These marketing activities were executed in order to create exchange, that is sales, that will result in the achievement of the proprietors’ individual goals and the firm’s goals, both in the short-term and the long-term. It is then obvious that marketing forms an integral component of any business’s operations. In particular marketing activities attempt to increase a firms’ revenue base, by placing an emphasis on enticing potential customers in target markets to purchase the firms’ products in order to satisfy their wants, rather than those of firm’s competitors. Consequently, the marketing directly contributes to the attainment of the financial goals of the firm. Hence, the success of a firm is reliant upon the extent to which it is able to identify, and satisfy or exceed the customer’s needs more effectively and efficiently relative to its competitors vying for the same markets. Marketing as an activity that entails several features, all of which are presented during the course of the marketing process. Such features include, firstly and most importantly, that marketing is a comprehensive process that begins with the creation of an idea and ends up as product that will be sold to satisfy a customer’s needs. Secondly, marketing is seen as a managerial process as it involves making managerial decisions about the particular mix of product, price, place and promotion in a firm. Furthermore, marketing involves managers planning and ensuring that particular sequenced activities are carried out, in order for the marketing plan to be successful. Finally, marketing is perceived as a way in which firms are able to satisfy the needs of customers, and in turn achieve their own business goals. Marketing provides the business with the ability to satisfy the changing wants of customers. In light of this, and the fact that businesses have become increasingly aware of the role that marketing plays in achieving success in the business, several approaches or philosophies to marketing have developed. There are five central approaches to marketing, with the use of a specific marketing approach/s depends upon particular business’s marketing strategy and the type of product being marketed. These different approaches are: Marketing Concept: this approach believes that customer’s want-satisfaction is the economic and social reason for an organisation’s existence. This approach stipulates that all of the business’s activities should be targeted towards meeting consumer wants, while at the same time meeting the organisation’s goals. In effect, this approach requires that the firm finds out what the customer wants, and subsequently develops a product to meet these requirements and then sell it at a profit. Production Concept: this approach states that the business will sell its product if it is both well made and affordable. Businesses utilising this approach require management to focus on improving production techniques and cost structures of the business. Consequently, this approach does not place emphasis on customer want-satisfaction. Product Concept: this approach has the attitude that ‘product is king’ and focuses on the quality, features, and performance of the product. This approach believes that if the product has more features or is of a better quality and performance compared to competitors, it will then gain greater sales. This approach is not customer want-satisfaction oriented. Selling Concept: this approach focuses on developing sales techniques and promotional activities in order to entice customers into buying an organisation’s product, whether they want it or not. Therefore this approach places direct emphasis on customers, but, possibly not on their want-satisfaction. Societal Marketing Concept: this is the latest marketing approach, it combines the main ideas of the marketing approach, that is, determining customer needs and satisfying the business’s goals, but also integrates social responsibility into the business. This social responsibility includes increasing environmental awareness, which may include tackling the problems of pollution and the exploitation of non-renewable resources. Modern day businesses are under pressure to adopt this marketing approach, in order to become more socially responsible. This approach not only focuses on fulfilling the customer’s want-satisfaction, but also satisfying society. The electronics firm, Sony, has expanded its operations from its establishment in 1946 in a ‘bombed out department store’, to become one of the world’s largest and most influential electronics firms. Sony, has furthermore, developed a worldwide reputation, as one of the worlds most innovative and technologically advanced firms. Its success can be attributed to several internal factors, which include, the freedom of workers to experiment, the passionate decisions of management, the established corporate culture, and also particularly to the marketing approaches that top management has integrated into the firm since its establishment. The leaders of Sony, from its founders to the present-day management, have encouraged their product designers to express and prove their individual visions about the development of new products to the firm, as with the Sony Walkman. In fact top management has been ‘willing to join the creative fray’, which has lead to the development of a cohesive firm with a corporate culture. This management style prompted the development of premium quality, unique, and futuristic products, and along with the establishment of a strong corporate culture, formed the basis of the firm’s competitive advantage. These aspects gave rise to adoption of several marketing approaches during the course of Sony’s life cycle. During Sony’s period of establishment the marketing approach was the key approach, since the initial management of Sony decided that the only way to succeed was to discover a new form of technology and develop a product from it, which would satisfy the wants of customers. This was evidenced by the conception of the tape recorder, and the first pocket-sized radio, developed for changing lifestyles. This approach has continued and still practiced today as signified by the recent development of the following products, the Walkman, the Handycam, the Discman, all of which are regarded by millions of customers as products that represent a way of life. The marketing approach was influential in the marketing of the Walkman, such a concept originated from a want of customers for a small, portable, tape/radio player, to replace the large, inconvenient players of the era. Sony identified this customer-want, and the Walkman was introduced, and heavily marketed, and in turn, became one of! the firm’s most successful products. In addition Sony has realised that consumer-want for electronics is apparent in all age groups and as such, it has developed several products for different markets, for example, ‘My First Sony’ was introduced for a younger target market. Another essential marketing approach for Sony has been the product approach, unlike other firms in Japan; Sony prides itself in producing products which have incorporated unique plastic appearance and futuristic features with superior quality, and affordability of price. These concepts have ensured that Sony’s sales have outstripped both domestic and foreign, including Western, competitors. In fact, Sony has upheld these concepts, in regards to their products, to the extent that they cancelled the production of a new television, simply because a rival had placed a similar product on the market. Coupled with the product marketing approach has been the design of products, which is a major feature in the marketing strategy of Sony, this is evident with the Sony Playstation, which has been carefully designed and uniquely developed for the younger target market. In the future, with the dawn of the digital age, Sony must place greater emphasis on the product marketing approach, to achieve sales, if it wishes to maintain its market edge. This requires, Sony, embracing advanced technology in the manufacturing of its products. The managers of Sony have realised the dilemma, that due to the speed of technological advancements, the products Sony releases today will become obsolete rapidly. Therefore, Sony is continually, incorporating innovation achieved via extensive research and development, to improve and expand upon its products to make them superior to competitors. This approach has lead to the development of several 21st century products to be used to dominate the future electronics market; these products include a portable head-mounted video player, a DVD player, and a new-generation computer. The final approach to marketing by Sony has been the selling approach, Sony, as a multinational firm, has earned a reputation worldwide as being a superior producer market leader, in regards to electronics products. The size of the company allows it to promote its product on a larger scale than that of many of its competitors. Potential customers are enticed to purchase the firm’s product, even if they do not need it, by the array of commercials, catalogues, and other methods, which portray Sony product’s as being superior. Further, the appearance of Sony’s products is heavily marketed as being state of the art, everyone is aware of the black, sleek, elegant, and futuristic appearance of the Sony the products. Sony is a successful international business as it has grown to become one of the world’s largest and most influential electronics firms, due to its ability to meet consumer-wants worldwide. This influence over the market is evident as domestic and international competitors wait for Sony to initiate a market trend via the introduction of a product, and then duplicate this, so as to benefit from Sony’s success. Furthermore, Sony has come to possess a worldwide reputation, which rivals those of the other multinationals, like Nike and others, a reputation which has made Sony and its products synonymous with quality and superiority in electronics. Sony’s is also seen as internationally successful as it has entered many export markets in the world, including Australia, Sony also has established several headquarters in different parts of the world, including America and Europe, which is a testament to its international success. This worldwide status has enabled Sony to discover chan! ges in consumer wants, new product ideas, and the success of different marketing approaches worldwide. Sony’s international success can be attributed to several internal factors, these in the passionate decisions of management, in that they allow the product designers the freedom to experiment and develop the ideas that may lead to a breakthrough for the firm. Further, Sony’s success can be attributed to the establishment of a strong corporate culture in the firm, which allows the goals of the firm to be achieved, as managers have ensured the everyone is able to focus on the overall picture of the firm. Sony’s integration of marketing approaches is another keystone to the firm’s international success, as the simultaneous use of the strategies has allowed the firm to better satisfy customer wants, and in turn better achieve its own goals. This success can be attributed, largely, to the role of product marketing in the business, the attitude that ‘product is king’ has allowed Sony to develop a general direction in which the firm is headed. The use of product marketing has resulted in Sony being able to, use different methods, such as market research and R&D, to discover the wants of customers, and in turn develop products to satisfy these wants, all of which has enabled Sony to gain sales and become successful, internationally. Product marketing has also allowed Sony to maintain its edge in the electronics market. As Sony’s designers are using the market approach to continually develop, improve, and expand upon their products to meet the changing customer needs, this coupled with large-scale promotion of the product, itself, has allowed Sony to maintain its competitive advantage. This approach has also meant that any perceived problems with the products can be easily identified and corrected. Finally, the empha! sis on product marketing has allowed Sony to develop products which are encompassing the ‘technology of tomorrow today’ allowing, Sony to maintain its success well into the future.

Accounting – Concepts and Conventions

NATURE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT The data exhibited by financial statements are affected by a)Recorded facts b)Accounting Concepts, Conventions & Principles c)Personal Judgment 1)Recorded Facts: The term recorded facts means the data used for preparing financial statements are taken from accounting record which are facts. i. e. Cash in Hand: Actual cash is recorded Amount due from debtor: Actual to be recorded Amount due to creditor: Actual to be recorded Thus the financial statement do not disclose such facts which may be reality, which are not recorded. For ex. : L/Bldg. urchased are shown at cost price in the Accounting Books But market value which in reality may be different is not stated because it is not recorded in Books of A/c. 2)Accounting concepts & conventions & principle: The Dictionary meaning is â€Å"Fundamental truth implying uniformity of Applicability everywhere. † However when applied in Financial Statement Analysis, it gives different meaning in different conc epts & so it is rarely used as a fundamental accounting truth. Accounting Principles are those rules of Action which are adopted by the Accountant universally in recording transaction.Different professional bodies like Australian Society of Account (i. e. Institute of Chartered Accountant in Australia) The Institute of Chartered Accountant in England & Wales. The American Institute of certified public accountant have made recommendation on accounting principles in the recent year. Accounting principles have been developed over the years from experience, usage & necessity. They are judged on the General Acceptability rather than Universal Acceptability to the user of financial statement hence they are called as General Accepted Accounting Principles (G. A. A. P. )According principles can be broadly classified into two categories: A. Accounting concepts B. Accounting Conventions Accounting Principles Accounting conceptsAccounting Conventions a)Entity Concepta)Disclosure b)Going Concer n Conceptb)Materiality c)Accounting period conceptc)Consistency d)Money Measurement Conceptd)Conservatism e)Cost Concept f)Cost Attach Concept g)Dual Aspect Concept h)Accrual concept i)Periodic Matching of cost and Revenue Concept j)Realisation Concept k)Verifiable Objective Evidence Concept ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS: They are the necessary assumptions or conditions upon which accounting is based.Accounting concepts are postulates, assumptions or conditions upon which accounting is based. They are developed to convey the same meaning to all people. Some of the important concept are given as follows: 1. Entity Concept: For accounting purposes- the ‘business’ is treated as a separate entity from the proprietor (s). It may sound to be absurd that one sell goods to himself, but all transactions are recorded in the books of the business as per this point of view. This concept helps in keeping private affairs of the proprietor away from the business affairs. Thus if a proprietor in vests Rs. ,00,000/- in the business, it is deemed that the proprietor has given Rs. 1,00,000/- to the ‘business’ and it is shown as a ‘liability’ in the books of business. (because business has to ultimately repay it to the proprietor). Similarly, if the proprietor withdraws Rs. 10,000/- from the business, it is charged to him. This concept is applicable to all forms of business organizations. Although in the eyes of Law a Sole trader and his business or the partner and their business are one and the same, for accounting purposes they are regarded as separate entities. It is the ‘business’ with which we are concerned. . Going Concern Concept (Continuity of Activity): It is assumed that the business concern will continue for a fairly long time, unless and until it has entered into a state of liquidation. 3. Accounting Period Concept: Although the ‘going concern’ concept stresses the continuing nature of the business enterprise, it i s customary to divide its life into chapters known as ‘Accounting Periods. ’ An accounting period is the interval of time at the end of which the income statement and financial position statement (balance sheet) are prepared to know the result and resources of the business.Although shorter periods are frequently adopted for purposes of comparative studies, the normal accounting period is twelve months. This is because though the life of the business is considered to be indefinite, the measurement of income and studying the financial position of the business after a very long period would not help in taking timely corrective steps or to enable periodic distributions of income to proprietor (s) with reasonable safety. Therefore, it is necessary for the concern to ‘stop’ at regular intervals and ‘see back’ how it is faring. 4.Money Measurement Concept : In accounting everything is recorded in terms of money. Events or transaction which cannot be e xpressed in terms of money are not recorded in the books of accounts, even if they are very important or useful for the business. Purchase and sale of goods, payment of expenses and receipt of income are monetary transactions which find place in accounting etc. Death of an executive, resignation of a manager are the events which cannot be expressed in money and so are not to be recorded in Book’s of A/c. 5. Cost Concept (Objectivity Concept): As per cost concept: )an asset is ordinarily recorded at the price paid to acquire it i. e. at its cost, and b)this cost is the basis for all subsequent accounting for the asset. For example, if a plot of land is purchased for Rs. 1,00,000/- it is recorded in the books of at Rs. 1,00,000/- and even if its market value at the time of preparation of final accounts is Rs. 2,00,000/- or Rs. 60,000/- it will not be considered. Thus the balance sheet on a particular date does not ordinarily indicate what the asset could be sold for. The cost c oncept does not mean that the asset will always be shown at cost.It only means that cost becomes the basis for all subsequent accounting for the asset. Thus the assets recorded by the process of depreciation. Cost concept brings objectivity in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It implies that the figures shown in the accounting records should be based on objective evidence and not on the subjective views of a person. 6. Cost-attach Concept: This concept is also known as ‘cost-merge’ concept. In order to produce an article it is necessary to purchase raw-material, process it and convert into finished article.This calls for the services of other factors of production and therefore, there are several other costs like labour cost, power and other overhead expenses. These cost have a capacity to ‘merge’ or ‘attach’ when they are brought together. Thus the proportionate raw-material costs, labour costs, and other overheads are added together to obtain product cost so as to increase the utility of cost data. 7. Dual Aspect Concept: This is the basic concept of accounting. As per this concept, every business transaction has a dual effect. 8.Accrual Concept: The accrual concept implies recording of revenues and expenses of a particular accounting period, whether they are received / paid in cash or not. Under cash system of accounting, the revenues and expenses are recorded only if they are actually received / paid in cash irrespective of the accounting period to which they belong. But under accrual method, the revenues and expenses relating to that particular accounting period only are considered. 9. Periodic Matching of Cost and Revenue Concept : This concept is based on the accounting period concept.Making profit is the most important objective that keeps the proprietor engaged in business activities. That is why most of the accountant’s time is spent in evolving techniques for measuring the profit /profitability of the concern. To ascertain the profit made during a period, it is necessary to match ‘revenues’ of the period with the ‘expenses’ of that period. Income (profit) earned by the business during a period can be measured only when the revenue earned during the period is compared with the expenditure incurred to earn that revenue. The question when the payment was made / received is irrelevant.Therefore, as per this concept adjustments are made for all outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, accrued incomes, unearned incomes etc. 10. Realisation Concept : According to this concept profit should be accounted for only when it is actually realized. Revenue is recognized only when sale is effected or the services are rendered. Sale is considered to be made when the property in goods passes to the buyer and he is legally liable to pay. However, in order to recognize revenue, receipt of cash is not essential. Even credit sale results in realization as it creates a efinite asset called ‘Account Receivable’. However, there are certain exceptions to the concept: like in case of contract accounts, hire purchase etc. Similarly incomes like commission, interest, rent etc. are shown in Profit and Loss Account on accrual basis though they may not be realised in cash on the date of preparing accounts. 11. Verifiable Objective Evidence Concept : According to this concept all accounting transactions should be evidenced and supported by objective documents. These documents include invoices, contracts, correspondence, vouchers, bill, pass books, cheque books etc. uch supporting documents provide the basis for making accounting entries and for verification by the auditors later on. This concept also has its limitations. for example, it is difficult to verify internal allocation of costs to accounting periods. 2. ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS: Conventions are the customs or traditions or usage which guide of accounting statements. They a re adapted to make financial statements clear and meaningful. 1. Convention of Disclosure: This means that the accounts must be honestly prepared and they must disclose all material information.The accounting reports should disclose full and fair information to the proprietors, creditors, investors and others. This conventions is specially significant in case of big business like Joint Stock Company where there is divorce between the owners and the managers. However, it does not mean that all information or information of any kind is to be included in accounting statements. The term ‘disclosure’ only implies that there must be a sufficient disclosure of informations which is of material interest to proprietors, present and potential creditors and investors. 2.Conventions of Materiality: The accountant should attach importance to material details and ignore insignificant details. If this is not done accounts will be overburdened with minute details. As per the American A ccounting Association, â€Å"an item should be regarded as material, if there is a reason to believe that knowledge of it would influence the decision of informed investor. † Therefore, keeping the convention of materiality in view, unimportant items are either left out or merged with other items. Some items are shown as foot notes like, contingent liabilities, market value of investment etc.However, an item may be material for one purpose but immaterial for another, material for one concern but immaterial for another, or material for one year but immaterial for next year. 3. Convention of Consistency: The comparison of one accounting period with the other is possible only when the convention of consistency is followed. It means accounting from one accounting period to another. For example, a company may adopt straight line method, written down value method, or any other method of providing depreciation on fixed assets. But it is expected that the company follows a particular method of depreciation consistently.Similarly, if stock is valued at ‘cost or market price whichever is less,’ this principle should be followed every year. Any change from one method to another would lead to inconsistency. However, consistency does not mean non-flexibility. It should permit introduction of improved techniques of accounting. 4. Convention of Conservatism: It refers to the policy of ‘playing safe. ’ As per this convention all prospective losses are taken into consideration but not all prospective profits. In other words ‘anticipate no profit but provide for all possible losses’.However, this convention is being criticized on the ground that it goes not only against the convention of full disclosure but also against the concept of matching costs and revenues. It encourages creation of secret reserves by making excess provision for depreciation, bad and doubtful debts etc. The Income statement shows a lower net income and the Bal ance sheet overstates the liabilities and understates the assets. The convention of conservatism should be applied cautiously so that the results reported are not distorted. Some degree of conservatism is inevitable where objective data is not available.Following are the examples of application of conservatism: a)Making provision for doubtful debts and discount on debtors. b)Not providing for discount on creditors. c)Valuing stock in trade at cost or market price whichever is less. d)Creating provision against fluctuations in the price of investments. e)Showing Joint Life Policy at surrender value and not at the paid up amount. f)Amortization of intangible asset like goodwill which has indefinite life. ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF FINANCIAL STATMENTS As stated earlier, the basic objective of financial statement is to provide information useful to the users of these statements.Different users like shareholders, investors, financial institutions, workers etc. are interested in financial sta tements with varying objectives. Generally, it is not possible for a firm to prepare these statements in such a form that may suit every interested user. However, such statements should possess at least the following essential qualities. 1. Relevance : Only these information should be disclosed in financial statements which are relevant to the objectives of the firm. The information is said to be relevant only when it influences decision of the users, while evaluating any event or correcting past evaluation.The conclusions drawn on the basis of irrelevant information would be misleading of no use. Therefore, the information irrelevant to the statements be avoided, otherwise it would be difficult to make a distinction between relevant and irrelevant information. 2. Understandability : The main objective of financial statements is to provide necessary information about the firm’s resources and performance. To fulfill this objectives, the information contained in these statement s should be clear, simple and lucid so that a person who is not well versed with the accounting terminology shall be able to understand without much difficulty.Hence, as far as possible, the form of financial statements should not be complex, and the terms used in these statements should be simple, in common language and non-technical. 3. Reliability and Accuracy : The information incorporated in financial statements should be reliable. Information has the quality of reliability when it is free from material error and bias and can be depended upon by users. Reliability charges with the nature of information contained in the subject matter. Therefore, such information should be provided whose reliability can be verified. Reliability of financial statements also depends on the accuracy of accounts.Hence, to arrive at right conclusions, accuracy of the accounts is an essential quality. To be reliable*, information must (i) carry faithful representation of transactions, (ii) should be p resented in accordance with the substance and economic reality, and (iii) must be neutral, prudent and complete. 4. Comparability : Comparison is the essence of financial statement analysis. Comparable information will reveal relatively strong and weak point. Financial statement should be prepared in such a way that current year’s progress can be compared with that of previous year and inter-firm comparison is possible.To facilitate comparison, it would be more useful to provide with the financial statement of 5 to 10 years summary of important terms such as production in quantity, net sales, net profits, dividend paid, working capital etc. 5. Completeness : The information contained in the financial statements should be complete in al respects. It must be ensured that there is no possibility of any information being incomplete or doubtful. Therefore, full disclosure should be made of all significant information in a manner that is understandable and does not mislead creditor s, investors and others users. . Timeliness : Financial statements are prepared for a definite period of time. At the end of this period, they should be ready and submit to the parties concerned. If the statements are not prepared in time, they can not be properly used and the firm cannot formulate plans for future developments. In addition to the aforesaid qualities, financial statements be prepared easily, attention of the reader is automatically drawn and directed to most significant items and required data for the calculation of different ratios are also essential qualities.As American Accounting Association, has described, â€Å"every corporate statement should be based on accounting principles which are sufficiently uniform, objective and understood to justify opinions to the condition and progress of the business enterprise behind it. † LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The summary of accounts maintained by a business firm is presented in the form of financial statem ents. The amounts expressed in these statements are based on vouchers and accounting records.Hence, decisions based on these information are more true and logical. However, the conclusions drawn on the basis of these information cannot be treated as final and accurate, because there are certain limitations to the financial statements. One must, therefore, keep in view these limitations while studying the profit and loss account and balance sheet of the firm. Important and impact bearing limitations of financial statements are identified as below : 1. Lack of Precision 2. Lack of Exactness 3. Incomplete Information 4. Interim Reports . Hiding of Real Position or Window Dressing 6. Lack of Comparability 7. Historical Costs Analysis – To Analyse – to cut into pieces But only analyse – No – It means also Interpretation. Thus Financial Statement Analysis means â€Å"Analysis, comparisons and interpretation of Financial data to achieve the desired result† TOOLS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS 1. Comparative Statements 2. Common Size Statements The Essential Requirement is 3. Trend AnalysisVertical Financial Statement. 4. Ratio Analysis 5. Fund Flow Statement 6. Cash Flow Statement

Free Essays on Gorillas In The Mist

I thought the movie â€Å"Gorillas In The Mist† was an excellent movie. It was interesting and informative. Diane Fossy was an excellent person as you could see in this film. She cared for those gorillas like they were her own. It was so interesting to see someone give up everything for a gorilla. Never the less knowing what she lost taking this chance to go to Africa, I never knew what poaching meant or even heard of the word until I saw this movie. I don’t know if I would have the courage Diane had in doing this expedition. I would love to go to Africa and study the Mountain Gorillas, but not exactly how she went about it. When the movie first started off I thought it was going to be boring and stupid. Then Diane started coming in contact with the gorillas I thought it was amazing. Let’s talk about the poaching because I have a lot to say about it. What those people did to the gorillas was so terrible I wanted to get in the TV and hurt them myself. The poachers killed so many gorillas and for what? Just to send the baby gorillas to the zoo and make some money. How would the poachers like it if someone poached them and took there babies and sold them for money? I don’t think they would be very happy it. Towards the end of the movie when the poachers did there last poaching scene, I thought it was the worst part. I can’t believe they took the gorillas head (I don’t think I cried so much during a movie than this part).... Free Essays on Gorillas In The Mist Free Essays on Gorillas In The Mist I thought the movie â€Å"Gorillas In The Mist† was an excellent movie. It was interesting and informative. Diane Fossy was an excellent person as you could see in this film. She cared for those gorillas like they were her own. It was so interesting to see someone give up everything for a gorilla. Never the less knowing what she lost taking this chance to go to Africa, I never knew what poaching meant or even heard of the word until I saw this movie. I don’t know if I would have the courage Diane had in doing this expedition. I would love to go to Africa and study the Mountain Gorillas, but not exactly how she went about it. When the movie first started off I thought it was going to be boring and stupid. Then Diane started coming in contact with the gorillas I thought it was amazing. Let’s talk about the poaching because I have a lot to say about it. What those people did to the gorillas was so terrible I wanted to get in the TV and hurt them myself. The poachers killed so many gorillas and for what? Just to send the baby gorillas to the zoo and make some money. How would the poachers like it if someone poached them and took there babies and sold them for money? I don’t think they would be very happy it. Towards the end of the movie when the poachers did there last poaching scene, I thought it was the worst part. I can’t believe they took the gorillas head (I don’t think I cried so much during a movie than this part)....

Book Review On A Fine Romance By Judith Sills Essay

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Organisational behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational behaviour - Case Study Example The employees became aware that the company paid low salary, overworked employees, and fired them without valid reason. This paper will present a case analysis of the situation facing the Nordstrom Company. Evidently, there is a critical problem in the Nordstrom Company. Over the years, the Nordstrom Company has exhibited a poor organizational culture. More specifically, the company does not have rewarding compensation schemes for the employees who have ensured that the company is successful. According to the case study, the employees face the compulsion of putting more hours without any overtime. In other cases, employees work for many days without having an opportunity to rest. The pay they receive does not match with the number of hours they put in as well as the increasing demands of their jobs. Many of the employees feel that their job is continually in jeopardy. They are constantly in fear of being laid off (Aquinas, 2006). For example, Ms. Lucas highlights that working at Nordstrom Company translated into working for free. The increasing demands of the ability to produce thank-you letters and other customer service books took so much time, but the pay was minimal. As a result, s he developed ulcers because of the continued stress from her job. Her case is not unique because many other employees described in the case study have highlighted that the company did not reward them as expected. Therefore, the poor organizational culture has contributed to limited levels of employee satisfaction and increased employee turnover (Fox, 2006). Although the company is highly committed to delivering exemplary customer service, it does not promote employee satisfaction and loyalty because many workers operate under stress. The accusations filed against the company indicate that it has poor labor practices. One of the potential solutions for the company is to hire a consultant who can investigate